1. Doufang

书画的一种式样。呈正方形。通常用四尺宣纸对裁两份，二尺高二尺宽，也可把四尺宣纸裁为八份，称为“小品斗方”，或“斗方小品”。

A style of Chinese calligraphy and painting. Form a square. Usually, four foot rice paper is used to cut two pieces, two feet high and two feet wide. Alternatively, four foot rice paper can be cut into eight pieces, known as "small pieces of Doufang" or "small pieces of Doufang".

斗方是竖行书写的正方形的作品。书写内容一般是四行六行。因为行列多，篇章布局时应十分强调上下左右的大小、开合、呼应及节奏变化等。在创作时，要注意正文与落款的主次关系，款字一般小于正文，要自然生动。落款可写在末行正文的下方，布局时应留出余地。款的底端一般不以正文平齐，以避免形式的死板。也可在正文后面另占一行或两行，上下均不能与正文平齐。印章要小于款字，需离开一字以上位置。

Doufang is a square work written vertically. The written content generally consists of four to six lines. Due to the large number of rows and columns, the layout of the text should place great emphasis on the size, opening and closing, echoing, and rhythmic changes of the top, bottom, left, and right sides. When creating, it is important to pay attention to the primary and secondary relationship between the main text and the signature. The signature is generally smaller than the main text and should be natural and vivid. The signature can be written at the bottom of the last line of the main text, and there should be room for layout. The bottom of the model is generally not flush with the main text to avoid formality. It is also possible to occupy one or two additional lines after the main text, and the top and bottom should not be aligned with the main text. The seal should be smaller than the size of the seal, and should be separated by more than one character.

⒉三开

2. Three openings

书画的一种式样。呈长方形，尺寸不等。如用四尺宣纸分三份裁开，称四尺三开。若用五尺宣纸分三份裁开，称五尺三开。以此类推，同是三开，尺寸大小不同，四尺三开一般为三尺画面(实际是二尺七寸，八平方市尺的三分之一)。五尺三开则是十二平方尺的三分之一，每开画面的面积为四尺。

A style of Chinese calligraphy and painting. It is rectangular in shape and of varying sizes. If four feet of rice paper is cut in three parts, it is called four feet three parts. If you use five foot rice paper to cut in three parts, it is called five foot three cut. By analogy, if they are all three feet apart, they have different sizes. A four foot three foot apart usually has a three foot screen (actually two feet seven inches, one-third of an eight square meter). Five feet and three openings are one-third of twelve square feet, with each opening having an area of four feet.

⒊对幅

3. Alignment

书画装裱的一种式样。通常两幅成对悬挂。如书法对幅，称“字对”或 “对联”。明清绘画有“画对”，是两幅大小相等的屏条，成对悬挂。也有厅堂正中挂中堂立轴画，两边分挂“字对”，或中间悬挂中常立轴书法，两侧悬挂“画对”。

A style of mounting Chinese calligraphy and painting. Usually, two frames are hung in pairs. Like calligraphy, it is called "word alignment" or "couplet alignment". Ming and Qing painting has a "painting pair", which is two equally sized screen strips hanging in pairs. There are also vertical scrolls hanging in the center of the hall, with "character pairs" on both sides, or calligraphy on the central vertical scrolls hanging in the middle, with "picture pairs" hanging on both sides.

⒋中堂

4. Middle Hall

中堂是竖行书写的长方形的作品。尺寸一般为一张整宣纸（分四尺、五尺、六尺、八尺等，其中小中堂为68CM×45CM）。因为尺幅比较大，所以需要创作者具有精熟的技法和整体把握作品布局的能力。在创作时，要注意正文与落款的主次关系，要使它们之间主次有别，相应生辉。落款切忌暄宾夺主。落款可写在末行正文的下方，布局时应留出余地。款的底端一般不以正文平齐，以避免形式的死板。也可在正文后面另占一行或数行，上下均不宜与正文平齐。印章要小于款字，盖印一般需离开一字以上位置，盖在款字的下方，也可盖在款字左侧。

The nave is a rectangular work written vertically. The size is usually one piece of whole rice paper (divided into four feet, five feet, six feet, eight feet, etc.), with the small nave measuring 68CM × 45CM). Due to the large size of the ruler, it is necessary for the creator to have proficient techniques and the ability to grasp the overall layout of the work. When creating, it is important to pay attention to the primary and secondary relationship between the main text and the signature, so that they are distinguished in terms of priority and shine accordingly. When signing a contract, it is strictly forbidden to invite guests to seize the main position. The signature can be written at the bottom of the last line of the main text, and there should be room for layout. The bottom of the model is generally not flush with the main text to avoid formality. It is also possible to occupy another line or several lines after the main text, and the top and bottom should not be aligned with the main text. The seal should be smaller than the type, and the seal generally needs to be placed one or more words away from the position. It can be placed below the type or on the left side of the type.

⒌条幅

5. Banner

条幅是竖行书写的长条作品。尺寸一般为一张整宣纸对裁。安排章法时，应能根据书体的特点，精心构思，立意要新。在创作时，要注意正文与落款的主次关系，。落款要错落有致，自然生动。落款可写在末行正文的下方，布局时应留出余地。款的底端一般不以正文平齐，以避免形式的死板。也可在正文后面另占一行或两行，上下均不宜与正文平齐。印章要小于款字，盖印一般需离开一字以上位置，也可盖在款字左侧。

Banners are long, vertically written works. The size is usually a whole piece of rice paper cut in pairs. When arranging the composition, one should be able to carefully conceive and create new ideas based on the characteristics of the book. When creating, it is important to pay attention to the primary and secondary relationship between the main text and the signature,. The signature should be well arranged and natural and vivid. The signature can be written at the bottom of the last line of the main text, and there should be room for layout. The bottom of the model is generally not flush with the main text to avoid formality. It is also possible to occupy one or two separate lines after the main text, and the top and bottom should not be aligned with the main text. The seal should be smaller than the type, and the seal generally needs to be placed one or more characters away, or it can be placed on the left side of the type.

条幅常见的格式有两种：

There are two common formats for banners:

①写成两行或三行的。两行的格式。左右两行均靠纸的左右两边写，中间留出较多空白。注意上下字的联系节奏，以及两行间的彼此呼应。落款通常写在第二行的末尾，位置应略高于行末一个字。款字可写一行或两行。三行的格式，需注意三行之间的相互关系，穿插映带及节奏变化。落款可在末行下端，底端略高于一、二两行正文的位置；也可另行写款，款字应短于正文，上下不宜与正文平行。

① Written in two or three lines. Two line format. Write both lines on the left and right sides of the paper, leaving a lot of space in the middle. Pay attention to the rhythm of the connection between the upper and lower words, as well as the correspondence between the two lines. The signature is usually written at the end of the second line, slightly higher than the last word of the first line. The characters can be written in one or two lines. The format of the three lines should pay attention to the interrelationships between the three lines, interspersed with reflections and rhythmic changes. The signature can be placed at the bottom of the last line, slightly higher than the position of the first and second lines of the main text; You can also write a separate paragraph, which should be shorter than the main text and should not be parallel to the main text.

②居中写一行（少字数）的。书写内容一般为格言、警句或一句诗词等。字数较少，写时要注意字的开合及节奏变化，以求生动。落款可分单款、双款。单款一般写在左侧中间的位置。款字内容包括书写时间、作者的名号，也可只写作者名或号。印章盖在款字下方，一般以两方为宜，印与印之间要适当拉开距离。落双款，上款写在作品的右侧中间偏上的部分，一般写创作作品的时间，若是赠送作品，则需写明被赠者的名或号，称谓及雅正、惠存，清赏等字样。

② Write a line in the middle (with fewer words). The written content generally includes maxims, epigrams, or a poem. The number of words is relatively small. When writing, it is important to pay attention to the opening and closing of the characters and the rhythm changes in order to be vivid. The signature can be divided into single and double styles. A single item is usually written in the middle of the left side. The content of the article includes the writing time, the author's name, or only the author's name or number. The seal should be placed below the type, usually in two directions, with an appropriate distance between the seals. Dropped double style, the previous style is written in the middle upper part of the right side of the work, usually indicating the time of creation of the work. If the work is given as a gift, the name or number of the recipient, title, and words such as Yazheng, Huicun, Qingshang, etc. need to be written.

⒍对联

6. Couplet

对联，又称楹联。分为上下两联，右边的为上联，左边的为下联。上下联的尺寸可与条幅等同，也可大于或小于条幅。对联的书写内容规定极为严格，只能是对仗的句子（上下联字数相等，平仄相对、一般字不重复出现），包括对偶句（俗称对子）、律诗中的中间两联（颔联、颈联）。对偶句常见的有五言、七言，也有少到三字一联，多到数十字、上百字一联的。律诗则分为五言、七言两种。五言、七言的对联，在安排章法时，上下联应单行居中竖写。十字以上的对偶句，则宜写成双行或多行（注意书写顺序，上联从右向左，下联则从左向右。落双款，分别于上下联的未尾，款字略高于正文底端）。上下联字的位置一般要基本平行。处理好一联内上下字的大小、收放的变化，及上下两联间的呼应，令上下两联成为一个整体。

Couplets, also known as couplets. It is divided into two parts: the upper part on the right and the lower part on the left. The size of the upper and lower links can be equal to the banner, or larger or smaller than the banner. The writing content of couplets is extremely strict, and can only consist of contrasting sentences (with equal numbers of characters in the upper and lower couplets, opposite tones, and no repetition of general characters), including couplets (commonly known as couplets) and the middle two couplets (chin couplets and neck couplets) in regular poetry. Dual sentences are commonly found in five or seven characters, with some ranging from three characters per couplet to several crosses or hundreds of characters per couplet. Rhythmic poetry can be divided into two types: five character and seven character. When arranging the composition of the five character and seven character couplets, the upper and lower couplets should be written vertically in the middle of a single line. Dual sentences above the cross should be written in double or multiple lines (pay attention to the writing order, with the upper couplet starting from right to left and the lower couplet starting from left to right. The double paragraph should be dropped at the end of the upper and lower couplets, with the paragraph slightly higher than the bottom of the main text). The positions of the upper and lower couplets should generally be basically parallel. Properly handle the size of the upper and lower characters in a single couplet, the changes in retraction and retraction, and the correspondence between the upper and lower couplets, so that the upper and lower couplets become a whole.

十字以下对联的落款分为上下款和单款两种。上下款，上款写在上联右边，下款写在下联左边。上款一般写诗句的作者、篇名等内容，如“黄庭坚登快阁诗句”下款则写书者的姓名、号，以及书写地点、时间等内容。如“丙子闲堂书于北京”若是赠送作品，上联需写明被赠者的名或号、称谓及雅正、惠存、清赏等字样。如“文英女士惠存”若是别人请你写的一幅作品，上联则写请你作书人的名或号，称谓外加上“嘱书”等字样。单款一般写在下联左侧中间偏上的位置。款字内容包括书写时间、作者的名号，也可只写作者名或号。印章盖在款字下方，一般以两方为宜，印与印之间要适当拉开距离。

The signature of couplets below the cross can be divided into two types: upper and lower styles and single styles. The previous paragraph is written on the right side of the previous paragraph, and the next paragraph is written on the left side of the next paragraph. The previous paragraph generally states the author and title of the poem, such as "Huang Tingjian's Poems on the KuaiGe Pavilion". The following paragraph states the name and number of the writer, as well as the location and time of writing. If a work is presented as a gift, such as "Bingzi Xiantang Book in Beijing", the first couplet should indicate the recipient's name or title, title, and words such as Yazheng, Huicun, and Qingshang. For example, "Ms. Wenying Huicun", if someone asks you to write a work, the upper part should include the name or number of the person who asked you to write it, and the title should be accompanied by words such as "advice letter". A single item is usually written in the middle upper position on the left side of the lower section. The content of the article includes the writing time, the author's name, or only the author's name or number. The seal should be placed below the type, usually in two directions, with an appropriate distance between the seals.

⒎扇面

7. Fan

这里专指折扇扇面，它是一种特殊的形式。由于扇面上宽下窄的形状，使得折纹与拆纹之间也是上宽下窄。这种独特的样式，就要求我们在创作时，做出恰当地安排。

This specifically refers to the folding fan, which is a special form. Due to the shape of the fan with a wide top and a narrow bottom, the crease pattern is also wide top and narrow bottom. This unique style requires us to make appropriate arrangements when creating.

扇面常见的形式有三种。

There are three common forms of fanning.

充分利用上端，下端不用。这种格式以每行写两字为宜，从右左，依次安排。落款写在正文的左侧。款宜长些，款字写一行数行不等，印章宜小于正文。

Make full use of the upper end, not the lower end. This format is suitable for writing two words per line, arranged sequentially from right to left. Write the signature on the left side of the main text. The style should be longer, with characters ranging from one to several lines, and the seal should be smaller than the main text.

写少数字，利用扇面的宽度由右向左，横排书写二四字，要收放有度，落款可写数行小字，与正文相映成趣。

Write fewer numbers and use the width of the fan to write two to four characters horizontally from right to left. The handwriting should be well organized and can be written in several lines of small characters to complement the main text.

上端依次书写，下端隔行书写，形成长短错落的格局。这样则可避免上端疏朗，而下端拥挤的情形，达到通篇的和谐。这种格式，先写长行，以五字左右为宜，短行以一、二字为宜。落款要精彩，一般写在正文后面，一行或数行均可。即章宜小于落款的字。

Write in sequence at the top and interlace at the bottom, creating a pattern of staggered length. This can avoid the situation where the upper end is sparse and the lower end is crowded, achieving harmony throughout the entire article. This format starts with a long line, preferably around five characters, and a short line with one or two characters. The signature should be exciting, usually written at the end of the main text, one or several lines can be used. The seal should be smaller than the signature.

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