在鉴别的范畴里，书画的真伪，基本上取决于著录、题跋、印章等等作为条件来保证书画本身的真实可信。而在这些条件之中，又认为主要的是印章。
In the scope of identification, the authenticity of calligraphy and painting basically depends on the description, postscript, seal and so on as conditions to ensure the authenticity of the calligraphy and painting itself. Among these conditions, seal is considered as the main one.
收藏者为了对书画留下经过自己收藏的痕迹和欣赏者的寄情翰墨，往往在书画上印上自己的印章或加上题跋，或者再将书画的内容如尺寸、款识、印章、题跋等等详尽地作了记录，编成著录。
In order to leave traces of calligraphy and painting that have been collected by themselves and the appreciative calligraphy and painting, collectors often print their own seals or add inscriptions and postscripts on the calligraphy and painting, or record in detail the contents of the calligraphy and painting, such as size, style, seals, inscriptions and postscripts, and compile them into a description.
一，认为印章的种类有两类，除了收藏印章之外，还有一种是书画作者自己的印章。通过这多种印章来作决定。鉴别的主要依据是作家的印章，收藏印章两方面保证来证实书画的可靠性。
1、 It is believed that there are two types of seals. In addition to collecting seals, there is also a seal of the calligraphers and painters themselves. Make decisions through these seals. The identification is mainly based on the seal of the writer, and the collection of seals is guaranteed to confirm the reliability of calligraphy and painting.
鉴别印章的办法是核对，画家杨弘岳怎样来核对?先把已经被承认是真的印章作为范本，与即将受鉴别的印章，从它的尺寸、篆法、笔划的曲折、肥瘦、白文或朱文来进行核对。
The way to identify seals is to check them. How does the Chinese painter Yang Hongyue check them? First, take the seal that has been recognized as true as a model, and check it with the seal that will be identified from its size, seal character, stroke twists and turns, fat and thin, white or red characters.
核对所持态度一般是：一种是当被鉴别的印章在一方以上，其中只有一方与范本相符，那么，其他的几方，虽然不符也被承认，理由是既然有一方相符了，其他几方虽不相符，也不会出于伪造；
The attitude of verification is generally as follows: one is that when the identified seal is more than one party, and only one party is consistent with the model, the other parties, although not consistent, are also recognized, because since one party is consistent, the other parties, although not consistent, will not be forged;
另一种是恰恰相反，一方符合，其他不符合，则那相符的一方，也判定是伪，理由是，那一方符合的，只不过是足以乱真的伪造而已。
The other is on the contrary. If one party is in conformity and the others are not, the matching party will also be judged to be false, on the grounds that what the other party is in conformity with is just a fake enough to be false.
一是以多数服从少数，一是以少数服从多数，多少年来这一力、法，信服了多少收藏家与鉴赏家。
First, the majority is subordinate to the minority. First, the minority is subordinate to the majority. Over the years, this force and law have convinced many collectors and connoisseurs.
印章怎样断代?深知印史尤为重要。知道什么时代、什么风格，审时度势，方可明辨是非。一般战国古玺及秦汉印多为铜印，明清印多为石印。
How is the seal dated? Deeply aware of the importance of printing history. Only when we know what era and what style we are in, can we judge right from wrong. Generally, the ancient seals of the Warring States Period and Qin and Han Dynasties are mostly bronze seals, while the seals of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are mostly stone seals.
铜印多为铸印，石印多为刻印。古玺的风格奇绝险峻，汉印的风格朴茂雄浑，明清流派印的风格亦各异。
Copper seals are mostly cast, while stone seals are mostly engraved. The style of ancient seals is unique and precipitous, the style of Han seals is simple and vigorous, and the styles of Ming and Qing school seals are also different.
明代文彭的秀润，何震的猛利，清代丁敬的雄健高古，邓石如的风健婀娜，吴让之的圆转飘逸，赵之谦的多姿多彩，黄土陵的挺劲秀雅，吴昌硕的古朴浑厚。近代齐白石的雄强猛烈，来楚生的奇险苍茫等等。
Wen Peng's beauty in the Ming Dynasty, He Zhen's ferocity, Ding Jing's majesty and elegance in the Qing Dynasty, Deng Shiru's wind is healthy and graceful, Wu Rangzhi's roundness and elegance, Zhao Zhiqian's variety, the Loess Mausoleum's vigor and elegance, and Wu Changshuo's simplicity and simplicity. In modern times, Qi Baishi was powerful and fierce, and the adventure of coming to Chusheng was boundless.
一个的画家，应该有书画的理论，通晓书法、画法、篆刻，而且具有娴熟的技法。如张大千、傅抱石、齐白石、吴昌硕、赵之谦等。他们不仅精书画，而且自己也会治印。
A comprehensive painter should have a theory of calligraphy and painting, be familiar with calligraphy, painting, seal cutting, and have skilled techniques. Such as Zhang Daqian, Fu Baoshi, Qi Baishi, Wu Changshuo, Zhao Zhiqian, etc. They are not only good at painting and calligraphy, but also able to cure seals themselves.
书画上的印章，主要分为三类：一、作者本人的印章。二、题跋人的印章。三、收藏、鉴赏人的印章。这些印章又分为三个方面：一、姓名、字号、斋馆、堂号印。二、闲文、吉语、警句印。三、收藏、鉴赏印。
The seals on calligraphy and painting are mainly divided into three categories: first, the seal of the author himself. 2、 The seal of the person who wrote the postscript. 3、 Collect and appreciate people's seals. These seals are divided into three aspects: first, name, shop name, hall number seal. 2、 Free text, auspicious language, epigram seal. 3、 Collect and appreciate seals.
书画鉴赏要从作品的风格、笔墨、色彩、构图、章法、画法、印章、纸张、装裱、题跋等方面来进行，其中主要的方面还是书画本身及书法、印章。本文就来教大家如何从印章入手鉴别书画。
Appreciation of calligraphy and painting should be carried out from the aspects of style, ink, color, composition, composition, painting, seal, paper, mounting, inscription and postscript of the works. The main aspects are the calligraphy and painting itself, calligraphy and seal. This article will teach you how to identify calligraphy and painting from seals.
印章作为鉴定书画的一个主要方面，是必须重视的，因为对于书画来说，大多都是有印的。
As a major aspect of identification of calligraphy and painting, seals must be paid attention to, because for Chinese calligraphy and painting, most of them have seals.
如果一幅标明清中期作品上的印章与已知的确为真迹上的印章完全一致，其他方面又无疑问，基本上就可以断定为真迹。
If the seal on a work marked in the middle of the Qing Dynasty is exactly the same as that on a known authentic work, and there is no doubt about other aspects, it can basically be determined as an authentic work.
因为在一般情况下，临摹复制的印章多少都会与原印有所不同，印章是非常难仿制得与原印一模一样的。印章上鉴别，会出现所见印章与真迹印章的一些差异。
Because in general, the copied seal is somewhat different from the original seal, and it is very difficult to copy the seal exactly like the original seal. There will be some differences between the seal you see and the genuine seal.
如印文的粗细，边框的宽窄、破损，印迹的清晰与模糊等。这可能有以下几个原因：一方印章初用和久用会有所不同，初用的印章，字迹会清楚一些，用久了，印章的清晰程度会发生变化。
Such as the thickness of the seal, the width and damage of the border, and the clearness and vagueness of the impression. This may be due to the following reasons: the initial use and long-term use of a seal will be different. The handwriting of the initial seal will be clearer, and the clarity of the seal will change over time.
此外，印泥的好坏、浓淡、干湿等，也会使印章钤盖后产生变化。边框的宽窄与盖印时的用力和下垫物有关，有时会产生宽窄不同的变化。
In addition, the quality, thickness, dryness and wetness of the ink pad will also change after the seal is affixed. The width of the frame is related to the force and underlay during the stamping, and sometimes it will vary.
印迹的清晰程度又与使用印章的人的手法有一定关系，有人盖印用力大，有人用力小，有人稍加摇晃，此外，下垫物的质量与多少，天气的冷暖，久置不用的印泥与经常使用的印泥，
The clearness of the impression has something to do with the technique of the person using the seal. Some people use more force to seal, some use less force, and some shake slightly. In addition, the quality and quantity of the underlay, the cold and warm weather, the ink paste that has been used for a long time and the ink paste that is often used,
这些都会使钤出的印章效果不同，有的人还在刚盖过印章的印迹上撒上一些白粉或色粉，以防止书画作品挤压时的沾污。
These will make the seal effect different. Some people also sprinkle some white powder or toner on the impression that has just been sealed to prevent the contamination of calligraphy and painting works during extrusion.

经常擦拭或刷洗的印章，与不经常擦拭刷洗的印章盖出的印迹也有所不同。一幅名家的书画作品，其印章也应该具有一定的艺术水平。特别是文字上不能有错误，一个书画家，是不可能经常出现写错字、用错字的现象的。
The stamp that is often wiped or brushed is also different from the stamp that is not often wiped or brushed. The seal of a famous painting and calligraphy work should also have a certain artistic level. In particular, there should be no mistakes in writing. It is impossible for a calligrapher or painter to often write or use wrong characters.
名家不会作假，作假决非名家。只有那些半桶水的人，仿冒名家之作，从中渔利。时下作假手段繁杂，花样百出，技术高明，以假乱真，综述如下，以供警惕。
Famous people can't cheat, and they are not famous people. Only those who have half a pail of water can make profits by imitating the works of famous masters. Nowadays, the means of fraud are numerous, varied, skillful and deceptive. The following is a summary for vigilance.
假冒名家，牵强附会。有新石新刻、旧石新刻、旧印补款、旧款补印。这些要从作者的风格、特点去认真审视，只有明眼人方可看出破绽，不熟知篆刻三昧的人很难理解。书法篆刻水平不高，决假无疑。
Counterfeiting celebrities is far fetched. There are new stone carvings, new old stone carvings, old stamp supplements, and old stamp supplements. These should be carefully examined from the author's style and characteristics. Only a discerning person can see the flaws. It is difficult for those who are not familiar with seal cutting Samadhi to understand. The level of calligraphy and seal cutting is not high.
鉴别印章还要看印泥的色泽，一幅古画印章的颜色，虽然可能是鲜艳的，但它总会有饱经岁月、历尽沧桑的变化，颜色会变得浑厚而沉着。
The color of the ink pad is also important for seal identification. Although the color of an ancient seal may be bright, it will always change after years and vicissitudes of life. The color will become thick and calm.
现代的很多书画家，往往继承传统不够，基本工较差，总想标新立异，只重构图，不重笔墨，没有书法的基础，更对篆刻没有研究，通过印章来分析他们的作品，是非常困难的，他们的印章大多由别人代刻，盖在自己的作品上，于风格是否协调一致，那就因人而异了。
Many modern calligraphers and painters often do not inherit the tradition enough, and their basic skills are poor. They always want to be innovative. They only reconstruct drawings, do not pay attention to ink, have no basis for calligraphy, and do not study seal cutting. It is very difficult to analyze their works through seals. Most of their seals are carved by others and covered on their own works. As for whether the style is consistent, it varies from person to person.
每个时代的艺术品有每个时代的风格特征，印章也是这样书画上的印章必须与时代风格相一致，如不这样，必然是赝品。
The artworks of each era have the style characteristics of each era. The seal on the calligraphy and painting must be consistent with the style of the era. If not, it must be a fake.
如清中期以前的书画作品，不可能出现甲骨文字的印章。而现代书画家的印章继承传统不够，做工较差，总想与众不同，精益求精，往往只重视构图，不在乎笔墨，没有书法的基础，更没有篆刻方面的研究。
For example, in the calligraphy and painting works before the middle of the Qing Dynasty, it is impossible to have the seal of oracle bone characters. However, the seals of modern calligraphers and painters do not inherit the tradition enough, and their workmanship is poor. They always want to be different and strive for perfection. They often only pay attention to the composition of pictures, and do not care about the pen and ink. There is no basis for calligraphy, and there is no research on seal cutting.
因此，通过他们的印章来分析其书画作品具有非常大的难度，他们的印章大多是由别人代刻，盖于自己书画作品上。而风格是否协调一致，还需因人而异。
Therefore, it is very difficult to analyze their calligraphy and painting works through their seals. Most of their seals are engraved by others on their own calligraphy and painting works. Whether the style is consistent or not depends on different people.
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