1. The artistic level of the work itself

作品本身的艺术水平，才是衡量其价值的主要因素。这涉及到书画的三境界：景物境界、笔墨境界和人文境界。一幅作品本身对山川自然“象其物宜”的描绘，就是景物的境界。可以看到它的技法、景色之美、章法布局之妙。如果在景物的基础上，还有“笔精墨妙”的笔墨境界那就更好。

The artistic level of the work itself is the main factor to measure its value. This involves three realms of painting and calligraphy: scenery realm, brush and ink realm and humanistic realm. A work's own description of the nature of mountains and rivers "as suitable as its objects" is the realm of scenery. You can see its techniques, the beauty of the scenery, and the wonderful layout of the organization. It would be better if there was a "fine brush and ink" realm based on the scenery.

的山水画以笔取气得其阳刚之美，以墨取晕得其阴柔之美。笔墨的精妙可气韵，气韵生动乃画之高境。书画作品的人文境界可以体现在题材、画旨、画趣、诗词题跋等方面。就像李可染《童趣》的题画诗“忽闻蟋蟀鸣，容易秋风起”，一句题跋使整个画境因之鲜活，渗透出一股田园诗般的质朴深情。

Chinese landscape painting obtains its masculine beauty by drawing qi with pen, and its feminine beauty by drawing faint with ink. The subtlety of brush and ink can give birth to verve, and the vivid verve is the high realm of painting. The humanistic realm of calligraphy and painting works can be reflected in the subject matter, painting purpose, painting interest, poem inscription and postscript, etc. Just like Li Keran's painting poem "When you hear crickets chirping, it's easy for the autumn wind to rise" in Childhood Interest, an inscription and postscript make the whole painting vivid and permeate a simple and deep feeling like an idyllic poem.

有些字画的市场可能由于一时的社会环境或偶然事件造成它的上升或下降，比如书画官员的卸任会导致其作品的直降。所以，收藏者要保持冷静的头脑，给艺术本体以足够的重视。

The market price of some calligraphy and painting may rise or fall due to temporary social environment or accidental events, for example, the resignation of calligraphy and painting officials will lead to a direct decline in the price of their works. Therefore, collectors should keep a cool head and pay enough attention to art noumenon.

2、书法水平的高低

2. The level of calligraphy

老一辈艺术家张仃曾呼吁“守住画的底线”，这个底线就是书法。书法表现在国画中，一是书法用笔，二是题跋书写的艺术美。画讲究书法用笔，“以书入画”是古代画家一直在实践和追求的。“骨法用笔”指的就是书法用笔。苏东坡、倪瓒、徐渭、黄宾虹等都是以书入画的高手。

Zhang Ding, an older artist, once called for "keeping the bottom line of Chinese painting", which is calligraphy. Calligraphy is shown in traditional Chinese painting, first, the use of calligraphy pen, and second, the artistic beauty of inscription and postscript. Chinese painting pays attention to the use of calligraphy, and "painting with calligraphy" has been practiced and pursued by ancient painters. "Skeletal brush" refers to the calligraphy brush. Su Dongpo, Ni Zan, Xu Wei, Huang Binhong and others are masters of painting with calligraphy.

书法是一门需要长年累月练习的艺术，写书者要平心静气才行。现在好多画家不注重书法的练习，也不重视笔墨，导致画面没有笔墨的气韵，甚连款都不敢落，提笔露怯，这样的作品或艺术家就不算是潜力股。同样的作品，题跋较长者比穷款者价值要高一些。

Calligraphy is an art that requires years of practice. The writer should be calm. Nowadays, many painters do not pay attention to calligraphy practice and brush and ink, which leads to the lack of the charm of brush and ink in their paintings. They even dare not pay attention to money, and show timidity in drawing. Such works or artists are not potential stocks. For the same works, those with long inscriptions and postscripts are more valuable than those with poor money.

3、有没有学术支撑

3. Is there any academic support

言之无文，行而不远。书画家的学术水平会影响他创作的深度和可持续度。理论指导实践，这也是古人要读万卷书的一个原因。通过阅读、创作与交流，久而形成自己的一套理论体系，或是对艺术的独特视角，这对艺术家的成长有重要的意义。这种知识还包括文学、史学、音乐、舞蹈、中医等等，从传统文化中汲取营养，丰富和深化创作内涵，作品才有格调。

Words without words will not go far. The academic level of a calligrapher and painter will affect the depth and sustainability of his creation. Theory guides practice, which is one of the reasons why ancient people wanted to read thousands of books. Through reading, creation and communication, a set of theoretical system or a unique perspective on art has been formed for a long time, which is of great significance to the growth of artists. This knowledge also includes literature, history, music, dance, traditional Chinese medicine, etc. Only by absorbing nutrition from traditional culture and enriching and deepening the connotation of creation can a work have its style.

4、作者综合修养

4. Author's Comprehensive Cultivation

人们常说“画如其人”“书如其人”。画是人格的显现，人格是修养的结果。如果一个画家画得很好，修养也高，那他就一定是潜力股。综合修养的提高，需要读万卷书和行万里路。尤其是古典文学方面的知识，要融会贯通，并在情感之时，配合意象诉诸笔端，形成独特的面貌。

People often say that "paintings are like people" and "books are like people". Painting is the manifestation of personality, and personality is the result of self-cultivation. If a painter paints well and has high self-cultivation, he must be a potential stock. The improvement of comprehensive cultivation requires reading thousands of books and traveling thousands of miles. In particular, the knowledge of Chinese classical literature should be well understood, and when emotions are emerging, it should be combined with images to appeal to the pen to form a unique look.

5、影响力

5. Influence and popularity

名家与非名家，是衡量艺术价值和投资价值的重要界限。在某种程度上，艺术品投资就是投资名家的作品。这里名家也分大名家和小名家。一些影响力和知名度特别大的书画家作品，虽然收益比较高，但投资成本也高。

Famous and non famous artists are important boundaries to measure artistic value and investment value. To some extent, art investment is to invest in the works of famous artists. Here, famous people are also divided into big famous people and small famous people. Some calligraphers and painters' works with great influence and popularity have high investment costs, although their income is relatively high.

对一个普通画家来说，要提高知名度是一件很困难的事情，他需要画廊、经纪人、拍卖公司、媒体等诸多方面的努力才能有一些成效。如果画家已有了一定的知名度，那么他的市场就会随之升温，收藏者也就更关注。

It is very difficult for an ordinary painter to improve his popularity. He needs the efforts of galleries, brokers, auction companies, media and many other aspects to achieve some results. If a painter has gained a certain popularity, his market will be heated up and collectors will pay more attention to him.

6、作者的社会地位

6. The author's social status

一些书画协会或者圈子的领导，其作品常会成为人们收藏驻足的焦点，被高价追捧。其实，这种领导无非就是两种，一种是凭着自己的艺术造诣和人格魅力征服了大家，还有一种是以行政干预或幕后运作的方式坐到一定位置。后者水平一般都比较平常，但是结交广泛，炒作能力也强，市场常会高于或者严重超出价值。

Some calligraphy and painting associations or leaders of the circle, their works often become the focus of people's collection and are sought after at high prices. In fact, there are no more than two kinds of leaders. One is to conquer everyone with his artistic attainments and personality charm, and the other is to sit in a certain position by means of administrative intervention or behind the scenes operation. The latter level is generally relatively ordinary, but they have a wide range of contacts and strong speculation ability. The market price is often higher than or seriously exceeds the value.

面对书画官员，一些藏家慕其光环，不加鉴别地大肆收购，缺乏理性。尤其是对于长线持有的藏家而言，一旦这些领导不再是领导，他们的市场泡沫将会一夜破灭。

In the face of painting and calligraphy officials, some collectors admire their aura and buy them indiscriminately, lacking rationality. Especially for long-term collectors, once these leaders are no longer leaders, their market foam will burst overnight.

7、年龄结构

7. Age structure

评论家在赞扬一些年龄较大的艺术家时，常用到“人画俱老”“人书俱老”的字眼。这是说书画家随着人生阅历的增加，对书画的理解，对笔墨精神的把握会更独到。这一点在画的写意画种中表现得尤为明显。

When praising some older artists, critics often use the words "people are old when painting" and "people are old when writing". This is to say that with the increase of life experience, the calligrapher will have a more unique understanding of calligraphy and painting and grasp of the spirit of pen and ink. This is particularly evident in the freehand brushwork of Chinese painting.

有些作品需要艺术家更多的精力，所以在画家年富力强的时候也是多出精品的时候。比如一些工笔画、油画、大构图的山水等。

Some works need more energy from the artist, so when the artist is in his prime of life, he can also produce more fine works. For example, some fine brushwork, oil paintings, landscapes with large composition, etc.

收藏一些中青年的作品，潜力较大。眼下，一些书画名人的字画已炒到了一定的价位，而且，很多人收藏了之后就不再轻易拿出来流通了。

Collect some young and middle-aged people's works with great potential. At present, the calligraphy and painting of some famous painters have reached a certain price, and many people no longer take it out for circulation after collecting it.

8、市场铺垫和表现

8. Market foreshadowing and performance

艺术作品一旦进入市场，就是一种商品，需要市场的运作来助其顺利转换成效益。有的画家一门心思放在创作上，不屑于俗事，作品没人知晓，自然也就没有市场。有些画家常做一些展览，委托画廊进行各种宣传，拍卖会也频频亮相，随着知名度的扩大，市场也在扩大。

Once a work of art enters the market, it is a commodity, which needs the operation of the market to help it transform smoothly into benefits. Some painters focus on creation and disdain the common things. No one knows their works, so there is no market. Some painters often do some exhibitions and entrust galleries to carry out various publicity. Auctions also appear frequently. With the expansion of popularity, the market is also expanding.

市场的表现还体现在其的稳定性。如果市场长时间地处于一个稳重有涨的状态，就说明投资它是稳妥的。

The market performance is also reflected in its price stability. If the market is in a steady and rising state for a long time, it means that it is prudent to invest in it.

9、画家的财富自由度

9. Artists' Freedom of Wealth

古代舞文弄墨者多是士大夫文人，有大量的财富来保证其充裕的创作时间。黄公望的《富春山居图》据说画了4年，这位大痴道人怀着对山水自然的崇拜和对友人的敬重，笔耕不辍，不遗余力，才有流芳千古的佳作产生。

Most of the ancient writers and painters were literati and had a lot of wealth to ensure their ample creative time. It is said that Huang Gongwang's "Dwelling in Fuchun Mountain" has been painted for 4 years. With the worship of mountains and waters and the respect for friends, this great idiot Taoist has never stopped writing and spared no effort to produce a masterpiece that will last forever.

古代书画作品多是“闲”出来的，在悠闲中，弹素琴阅金经，陶身心养浩气。古代文人是不会轻易卖画的。清代画家査士标，只在家中无米时才卖画换钱，且边卖边骂：“画幅青山卖，看来是孽钱。”

Most ancient calligraphy and painting works come out of "leisure". In the leisure, you can play the plain zither and read the golden scriptures, and Tao can nourish his spirit and body. Ancient literati did not sell paintings easily. Zha Shibiao, a painter in the Qing Dynasty, sold his paintings for money only when there was no rice at home, and scolded him as he sold them: "It seems that selling paintings on green hills is bad money."

时今日，一些画家为生计而奔波，就必须要去迎合市场，迎合一些通俗的审美观。黄宾虹说扬州画派和海派末流开了“江湖之门”，沾染了江湖习气而以卖画为业。一些人在创作的时候，往往心里想的是这幅画，能卖，或者这幅画送给哪位达官显贵能换多少实惠，这种心态必然会影响到创作，画境也会展示出“俗媚”之态。当然，这里不是说境遇差的人就一定不会出好作品。

Up to now, some painters have to cater to the market and some popular aesthetic values in order to make a living. Huang Binhong said that Yangzhou School of Painting and Shanghai School had opened the "gate of the Jianghu", and they had become addicted to the customs of the Jianghu and were engaged in selling paintings. When creating, some people often think about how much the painting can be sold, or how much the painting can be exchanged for when it is given to a dignitary. This mentality will inevitably affect the creation, and the painting will also show a "vulgar and beautiful" state. Of course, this is not to say that people in poor circumstances will not produce good works.

10、画家的品德与人脉

10. Artist's Morality and Human Relations

德高望重的人，大家都乐意接触，他们的书画作品也照样喜闻乐见。人品既高，画品不得不高。待人接物有风度，提携后进，自然人人敬重，就像齐白石、黄宾虹、启功、沈鹏等书画家。如此一来，有着高古情怀和澡雪精神的画家作品自然会受到欢迎。

People of high moral standing are all willing to contact, and their calligraphy and painting works are also popular. The character is high, but the painting must be high. It is natural for everyone to respect people with good manners and promote backward development, just like Qi Baishi, Huang Binhong, Qigong, Shen Peng and other calligraphers. In this way, the works of painters with high ancient feelings and the spirit of bathing and snowing will naturally be welcomed.

人脉如同血脉。血脉是人赖以生存的基础，人脉是事业成功的保障。画家的交际越广，人缘越好，支持的人也就越多，无论是在经济上还是在人力上。人脉、品德和佳作结合起来，市场自然是水到渠成。

People are like blood. Blood is the basis of human survival, and human contacts are the guarantee of career success. The wider the communication and popularity of painters, the more people they will support, whether in terms of economy or manpower. With the combination of contacts, morality and excellent works, the market will naturally come into being.

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