托： 即托制各类镶料和托书画心。镶料包括绫、绢、锦绫、锦、和镶纸等。可先从托镶纸(或覆背纸)入手，掌握了刷浆糊和上托纸的要领后，再学习托绫绢，学习调配颜色水托染绫绢。托书画心较托料难度大，如果托料出现失败，这仅是宣纸和绫绢的代价，但如果托心失败，其后果就严重了。所以初学托心者应备加精心，认真对待。学习托心时，先用各种质地较薄、拉力较尽弱的宣纸进行模拟托心。湿心、飞托、搭托等各种托法都要练习几遍。再准备一些尚无艺术价值的国画或书法习作进行试托。经过反复练习，逐渐掌握托心的基本要领，然后可正式从事托心。

Supporting: that is, supporting all kinds of inlays and calligraphy and painting hearts. Inlays include silk, silk, brocade, brocade and paper inlays. You can start with supporting and inlaying paper (or covering and backing paper), master the essentials of brushing paste and supporting paper, and then learn to support and dye silk with color water. It is more difficult to support the calligraphy and painting heart than the material. If the material fails, it is only the price of rice paper and silk. However, if the heart fails, the consequences will be serious. Therefore, beginners should be prepared and taken seriously. When learning the support center, first use various rice paper with thin texture and weak tension to simulate the support center. Wet heart, flying support, riding support and other support methods should be practiced several times. Then prepare some traditional Chinese painting or calligraphy exercises that have no artistic value for trial support. After repeated practice, you can gradually master the basic essentials of heart care, and then you can officially engage in heart care.

裁： 即“用刀”的基本功，如方心、下料(包括裁距条、包边纸)、齐边、裁配覆背纸等。初学者，可先用废纸头，废绫边进行剌裁练习。注意掌握持刀正、运刀稳、用力轻的要领，防止走刀、啃尺、滑尺或用力过重。即而再进行裁距条和包边纸的练习，然后方可进行方心、下料和齐边工序的实习。

Cutting: the basic skills of "using a knife", such as square center, blanking (including cutting distance strip and edge wrapping paper), edge alignment, cutting with backing paper, etc. For beginners, you can use waste paper head and waste silk edge to practice cutting. Pay attention to the essentials of holding the knife correctly, transporting the knife stably and using light force to prevent walking the knife, gnawing the ruler, sliding ruler or using too much force. That is, the practice of cutting distance strip and edge wrapping paper can be carried out, and then the practice of square center, blanking and edge alignment can be carried out.

镶： 包括书画的镶活、回边或包边以及折贴串口等内容。初学时，亦采用模拟方法进行。可取一些镶纸和绫绢废边料，练习镶接、回边、包边和折贴串口的基本功。练习镶活时，要注意浆口小巧均匀，浆糊用量适中，镶缝慰贴不绽。回边或包边，要求规矩习称，平直如一。然后再用一些书画习作继续进行练习，达到基本要求后，方可从事正式镶活。

Inlay: including inlay of calligraphy and painting, back edge or wrapping, folding serial port and so on. At the beginning of learning, the simulation method is also used. Take some waste edge materials of inlaid paper and silk, and practice the basic skills of inlay, edge return, edge wrapping and folding serial port. When practicing inlay, pay attention to the small and uniform size of the pulp mouth, the moderate amount of paste, and the inlay and comfort paste will not crack. Return or wrap the edges, which shall be customary and straight as one. Then continue to practice with some calligraphy and painting exercises. After meeting the basic requirements, you can engage in formal inlaying.

覆： 即书画的覆背工序，其操作方法与要领和托料有相同之处。主要侧重于练习裁配覆背纸、上绢包首和贴耳子、签纸及角绊的方法。常用的覆背方法有两种，即座覆和搭覆，可分别进行练习。初学覆背时，也可采用一些书画习作进行练习，以免出现问题而造成较大的损失。

Covering: that is, the back covering process of calligraphy and painting. Its operation method is the same as the essentials and supporting materials. It mainly focuses on practicing the methods of cutting back covering paper, putting on silk bag head, sticking ears, signing paper and angle tripping. There are two common methods of covering the back, namely seat covering and lap covering, which can be practiced separately. When learning repetition for the first time, you can also use some calligraphy and painting exercises to practice, so as to avoid problems and cause great losses.

装： 即上杆，包括下挣子、砑活、剔边、批串、量杆、制杆、上杆和拴绦等工序。其中砑活、剔边、量杆和制杆等工序，同样可采取模拟的方法进行练习。其他工序可在技术人员的指导下进行实习。在这个练习中要注意以下几个问题：下挣子时，力求余边要全，严防幅面打折;砑活时，要求砑光砑匀;剔边要净，批串要正;量杆要标准，制杆要规矩，上杆要得体。

Installation: that is, the upper rod, including the processes of lower earner, calendering, edge trimming, batch string, measuring rod, rod making, upper rod and tapering. Among them, the processes of calendering, trimming, measuring rod and rod making can also be practiced by simulation. Other processes can be practiced under the guidance of technicians. In this exercise, we should pay attention to the following problems: when making money, we should strive to complete the remaining edges and strictly prevent format discounts; During calendering, it is required to calender evenly; Clean the edges and correct the batch string; The measuring rod should be standard, the rod making should be regular, and the rod should be decent.

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